![]() Complementary lines of work have examined emotion expressions on social media after disasters ( 14, 15) and how social sharing after a crisis reaps future psychological benefits ( 11, 16). For example, the social stage model of coping tracks the changing rates at which people talk to each other about a collective disaster in the weeks following the event ( 12). The temporal models generally have focused on how people cope after these collective disasters. Past studies have identified the temporal effects of short-term upheavals such as hurricanes, earthquakes, and terrorist attacks on people’s emotions, cognitive processes, and social connections ( 10– 13). Where possible, the Reddit analysis was complemented by analyzing survey responses of more than 11,000 people in the United States and Canada. Furthermore, comparing language produced during the pandemic with language from the preceding decade, we estimated the relative magnitude of the pandemic’s impacts. cities discuss local issues, which allowed us to obtain reliable estimates of city-specific psychological shifts, including the relationship between the psychological effects and the spread of COVID-19. Reddit is a popular social media website that hosts city-specific communities in which thousands of people in U.S. cities in the months before and after the beginning of the outbreak. (i) How did changes in people’s attention, emotions, thought patterns, and social connections unfold over time? (ii) How were these psychological effects related to the spread of the virus? (iii) How did the psychological impacts of the pandemic compare to events of the past decade? To answer these questions, we analyzed the Reddit conversations of more than 200,000 people across 18 U.S. The current research chronicled the psychological shifts occurring in the 3 months following the onset of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States to address three research questions. Furthermore, almost no studies directly examined the links between the spread of the virus and mental health effects. As a result, we know little about how the social and psychological effects of the pandemic unfolded over time and how the pandemic’s impacts compare to past events. Following early warnings of an ensuing mental health crisis ( 1), media reports ( 2, 3) and psychological studies documented some of the psychological effects of the pandemic ( 4– 7), but most relied on small samples or reported cross-sectional findings with only few studies focusing on longitudinal effects ( 8, 9). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic upended the lives of people across the globe. The magnitude of the observed shifts dwarfed responses to other events that occurred in the previous decade. Most psychological shifts were stronger when the threat of COVID-19 was greater. Six weeks after COVID-19’s onset (“normalization phase”), people’s psychological states stabilized but remained elevated. Familial ties strengthened, but ties to broader social groups weakened. ![]() People became sadder, and their thinking reflected attempts to process the uncertainty. When lockdowns began (“isolation phase”), analytic thinking dropped further. In parallel, people’s thinking became more intuitive rather than analytic. Anxiety levels surged, and positive emotion and anger dropped. ![]() When COVID-19 warnings first emerged (“warning phase”), people’s attentional focus switched to the impending threat. ![]() Large psychological shifts were found reflecting three distinct phases. cities (200,000+ people) and large-scale survey data (11,000+ people). The current research chronicles the unfolding of the early psychological impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) by analyzing Reddit language from 18 U.S.
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